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Tribes of North east India
India is a bouquet of diverse topographical features as well as multiple religions, castes, creeds and tribes. These distinctiveness has created a special place for India in the World’s tourism map. Beside the salubrious hill stations, tranquil backwaters, tempting beaches and barren desert, India is also famous all over the world for its indigenous ethnic communities.
India has a huge tribal population roughly 8% according to the census of 1991. Forested area of many Indian states are home to the various indigenous tribal communities of India. Such as Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal, Himachal pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and many more. Even the north eastern states are the main abode of tribes belonging to the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family. North eastern states works as land bridge between the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian countries.
The mystic and serene land of northeast India is a chief tribal area. Northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland are predominantly a tribal state. More than 90%of the total inhabitants are tribal. However, Assam, Manipur, Sikkim and Tripura, has a very less percentage of tribal population that varies to 20 to 30 percent only. All the tribal community of the region have their own distinct culture, traditions, language, cuisines and attires. Their lifestyles are totally different from each other. They mostly resides in the hilly and forested areas.
Some of the major tribes of North East India are :
Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh:
Arunachal pradesh, the “land of rising sun” is a tribal state. It has many tribal communities such as Adis, Apatanis,Buguns, Hrusso, Singhpos, Khambas and Membas, Mishmis, Monpas, Nyishi, Sherdukpens, Tagins, Khamtis, Wanchos, Noctes and Yobin. Among all of them, Nyishi, are the largest tribal community both in terms population and inhabited area. Most of the tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh mainly practices jhum cultivation(shifting cultivation) for their survival. But with the changing scenario some of the tribal communities have indulge in trade and handicraft preparation. They enjoys traditional rights over the forests and natural resources in their village boundaries. The customary laws have governed these relatively closed societies which were supplemented with the general policy of initial exclusion and later non-interference in their way of life.
Nagaland is an entirely tribal state. The inhabitant of Nagaland are generally known as Nagas and belongs to the Indo-Mongoloid family. Nagas can be sub-divided into fourteen major tribes Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Khemungan, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sema, Yimchunger and Zeliang. Naga people are not so tall. They have sub-medium height and their facial index is very low. The nasal index of Nagas corresponds to a medium nose. Their hair is generally straight and the skin is brownish yellow. Their eyes does not show Mongolian form.
Nagas are very straight forward people and have a strong sense of self respect. They are very honest, hardworking, sturdy and have a high standard of integrity. The striking characteristic of the Naga tribes is their hospitality and cheerfulness. Each tribal community of Nagaland has their own languages and cultural features. These tribal communities have a high rate of literacy which is around 61.30%. Among all the tribal communities of Nagland, Angamis are the most politically sound tribal community.
Tribes of Meghalaya:
Meghalaya is also a predominantly tribal state. The tribes of Meghalaya can be classified into three groups namely Garos, Khasis and Pnars or Jaintias. It is believed that Garo tribes are the descendants of Tibeto-Burmar race who has came down to the north eastern states from Tibet whereas the Khasis and the Pnars or Jaintias belongs to the Proto Austroloid Monkhmer race. These three tribes acquired their names in accordance to their inhabited hills. For instance, Garo hill is the home of the Garo tribes , Khasis are mainly found in the Khasi hills, but also lives in other parts of the state. Jaintias /Pnars are mostly inhabited in the Jaintia hills of Meghalaya.
Apart from these three tribal communities , there are some other tribal communities such as Bhois resides in the north of Meghalaya, Khynriams in the central and Wars in the southern region. These are sub tribes of Khasi and follow the lifestyles similar to that of the Khasis.
The most remarkable feature of Maghalayas tribes are their parental lineage. These tribes follow matrilineal lineage which means they follow matriarchal society where the property of the family is transfered to the daughters. In some cases, the children keep the surname of their mother. Women handles the household works whereas the men takes care of the mental and material life of the family. These tribal communities follow Christianity and their main occupation is jhum cultivation.
Tribes of Mizoram:
The Tribes of Mizoram are generally called as Mizos. They are divided into several tribes – the Lushais, Pawis, Paithes, Raltes, Pang, Himars, Kukis etc. The tribal society of Mizoram is largely based around tribal villages. The main focus of the entire village is on the chief’s house and the zawlbuk (community house for young, single men). Mizos have the second highest literacy rate in India. They mainly speaks Mizo and English. More than 80 percent of Mizo tribes are Protestants Christians. The nomadic Chakmas, another tribal community of Mizoram practices a combination of Hinduism, Buddhism, and animism (the worship of nature deities and other spirits).
Mizos have rich cultural heritage, colorful customs and traditions. Beside Christmas and New year, Mizos celebrates Chapchar Kut (celebrated in February-March after clearing of jungles for cultivation of the jhum crop), Pawl Kut (after the harvests when the granary is full in December) and Mim Kut (dedicated to departed souls after the maize harvest in September) with utmost joy. They believe in the code of Ethics which revolves around tlawmngaihna, which means every Mizo must be hospitable, kind, unselfish and always helpful to the poor and needy.
Apart from these aforementioned states Assam , Manipur, Sikkim and Tripura has very less percentage of tribal population which is around 20 to 30% only. The main tribal communities of Assam are the Bodo tribe and Mishing tribe of Tibeto Burmese origin . Some of the other tribes of Assam are Karbi, Rabha, Deori, Khamti, Lalung, Santhals, Singpho and Phake.
Manipur has also some indigenous tribal communities such as Aimol, Anal, Angami, Chiru, Chothe, Gangte, Hmar, Kabui, Kacha Naga, Koirao, Koireng, Kom, Lamgang, Mao, Maram, Maring, Lushai tribes, Monsang, Moyon, Paite, Purum, Ralte, Sema, Simte, Sukte, Tangkhul, Thadou, Vaiphei and Zou.
The most dominant tribes of Sikkim are Lepchas, Bhutias, and Nepalese . Other than these, Gurkhas, Chettris, Thakurs, Limbu, Rai, Magar, Gurang, Tamangs, Newas are some more tribal communities of Sikkim. Last but not the least, Tripura is a small north eastern state which has also some tribal communities. Riang, Chaimal, Halam, Jamatia, Lepcha, Tippera and Tripuri are some of the tribal communities of Tripura.
So, visit this alluring land of indigeneous tribals and immerse yourself in their diverse and distinct cultures.
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